Chinese History First Five-Year Plan (1953-57)

Every five years, China’s Central Government writes a new Five-Year Plan (ä ¸ ­Ã¥â€º ½Ã¤ ºâ€Ã¥ ¹ ´Ã¨ ® ¡Ã¥Ë†â€™, ZhÃ… ngguà ³ wÇ” nià ¡n jà ¬huà  ), a detailed outline for the country’s economic goals for the upcoming five years. Background After the founding of the People’s Republic of China in 1949, there was an economic recovery period that lasted until 1952. The first Five-Year Plan was implemented the following year. With the exception of a two-year hiatus for economic adjustment between 1963 and 1965, Five-Year Plans have been in continuous implementation in China. Vision for the First Five-Year Plan China’s First Five-Year Plan (1953-57) had a two-pronged strategy. The first objective was to aim for a high rate of economic growth with an emphasis on the development of heavy industry, including such assets as mining, iron manufacturing, and steel manufacturing. The second goal was to shift the countrys economic focus away from agriculture and move toward technology (such as machine construction). To achieve these aims, the Chinese government opted to follow the Soviet model of economic development, which emphasized rapid industrialization via investment in heavy industry. Not surprisingly, the first five Five-Year Plan featured a Soviet command-style economic model characterized by state ownership, farming collectives, and centralized economic planning. (The Soviets even helped China craft its first Five-Year Plan.) China Under the Soviet Economic Model The Soviet model was not well suited to China’s economic conditions when it was initially implemented due to two key factors: China lagged far behind in technologically than more progressive nations and was further hampered by a high ratio of people to resources. China’s government would not fully come to terms with these problems until late 1957. In order for the First Five-Year Plan to be successful, the Chinese government needed to nationalize industry so they could concentrate capital in heavy-industry projects. While the U.S.S.R. co-funded many of China’s heavy-industry projects, the Soviet aid came in the form of loans that China would, of course, be required to repay. To acquire capital, the Chinese government nationalized the banking system and applied discriminatory tax and credit policies, pressuring private business owners to sell their companies or convert them into joint public-private concerns. By 1956, there were no privately-owned companies in China. Meanwhile, other trades, such as handicrafts, were combined to form cooperatives. A Gradual Shift Toward Progress Chinas plan to boost heavy industry worked. Production of metals, cement, and other industrial goods was modernized under the Five-Year Plan. Many factories and building facilities opened, increasing industrial production 19% annually between 1952 and 1957. Chinas industrialization also increased workers’ income by 9% annually over the same period of time. Even though agriculture was not its main focus, the Chinese government worked to modernize the countrys farming methods. Just as it had done with private enterprises, the government encouraged farmers to collectivize their farms, which gave the government the ability to control the prices and distribution of agricultural goods. While they were able to keep food prices low for urban workers as a result, the changes did not significantly increase grain production. By 1957, over 93% of farming households had joined a cooperative. Although farmers did pool the bulk of their resources during this time, families were allowed to maintain small, private plots of land to grow crops for their own personal use.

Essay on The Death of Innocence in The Catcher in the Rye

Holden identifies with, yearns for, and despises traits of the adult and child realms. In the novel The Catcher in the Rye, by J.D. Salinger, the protagonist, Holden Caulfield, fears becoming an adult who exhibits the characteristics that he holds complaints against. Throughout this Bildungsroman narrative, Holden searches for his identity. He tries to figure out his place either in the adult or child realm. Holden possesses a combination of fear and hatred for phonies. Holden uses this term to describe a wide range of people including shallow, superficial, fake, untruthful, or hypocritical individuals. One of the biggest reasons I left Elkton Hills was because I was surrounded by phonies... They were coming in the†¦show more content†¦Since he knows so many phonies he may feel that by joining the adult world, one must submit to a certain degree of phoniness, and he already has. Holden shows the characteristics of a pathological liar, `May I ask your name, dear [Mrs. Morrow]? `Rudolf Schmidt, I told her... Then I started shooting the old crap around a little bit... `your nose is bleeding, dear,...`I got hit with a snowball...One of those very icy ones.. Clearly, the way phonies lie rubs off on Holden. Since Holden shows signs of a phony, and he hates phonies, he in a sense, hates himself. Holden knows he has lost his own innocence; now he realizes he possesses the a bility to protect the innocence of other children. While narrating The Catcher in the Rye, Holden persistently uses the word phony to describe many adults. This entails that people lose their innocence when entering the adult realm. Holden experiences the corruption and cruelty of the adult world. He interacts with individuals who cause him physical and emotional pain. ...all of a sudden this booze hound her mother was married to came out on the porch and asked Jane if there were any cigarettes in the house... old Jane wouldnt answer him...Then all of a sudden, this tear plopped down on the checkerboard... I asked her... if Mr. Cudahy ¾ that was the booze hounds name ¾ had ever tried to get wise with her... she said no though. The possibility that Jane is sexually abused greatlyShow MoreRelatedLord Of The Flies, By William Golding And The Perks Of Being A Wallflower1087 Words   |  5 Pagessome of my most beloved. In my junior year, I read A Separate Peace by John Knowles for my AP U.S. History class while I read The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger over the summer. A Separate Peace explores the rivalry that can lie at the heart of many friendships and conveys the concept of individuality rathe r than conformity. Similarly, The Catcher in the Rye is the story of a teenage boy who despises the phoniness of society and fears becoming just another phony adult. Both novels share similarRead More Catcher in the Rye Essay: Levels of Meaning902 Words   |  4 Pages Levels of Meaning in The Catcher in the Rye nbsp; Protected by a cocoon of naivetà ©, Holden Caulfield, the principal character in the novel, The Catcher in the Rye, therapeutically relates his lonely 24 hour stay in downtown New York city, experiencing the phony adult world while dealing with the death of his innocent younger brother.nbsp; Through this well-developed teenage character, JD Salinger, uses simple language and dialogue to outline many of the complex underlying problems hauntingRead MoreCatcher Rye And Perfect Day For Bananafish1562 Words   |  7 Pages The Catcher in The Rye and Perfect Day For Bananafish In â€Å"The Catcher in the Rye†,by J.D Salinger, Holden Caulfield, a troubled 16 year old boy who constantly gets kicked out of every school takes it upon himself to become â€Å"The Catcher in the Rye†, in reality not being real occupation but an idea he chose to adopt for himself after he heard a little boy singing in the street. The catcher in the Rye can be described in Holden’s perspective as a person, almost like a hero that helps childrenRead MoreHolden Caulfield s The Catcher Of The Rye824 Words   |  4 PagesThe Catcher in the Rye Symbolism Essay J.D Salinger’s Catcher in the Rye, is the story of Holden Caulfield’s loss of faith in society, and in particular adults. Salinger uses a number of symbols to demonstrate Holden’s rebellion against the phony facade of society and his desire to preserve the innocence of children, especially those he loves. Chief among them is Holden’s misinterpretation of Robert Burns’ poem â€Å"Comin thro’ the Rye†, wherein Holden mistakes the original line, â€Å"If a body meet aRead MoreThe Tragedy of Holden Caulfield Is That He Cannot Accept the Adult World He Is Too Old to Continue the Innocent Life of a Child1033 Words   |  5 PagesThe main concern of the novel The Catcher in the Rye is not only that the protagonist is trapped between childhood and adulthood, but also the alienation and regression caused by grief when the sufferer does not address their loss properly. Holden Caulfields nervous breakdown is largely due to the death of his you nger brother. It is because of this that he fears change and maturity so much, specifically the loss of innocence. Holden cannot accept the complexities of the world; instead, he uses phoninessRead MoreCatcher in the Rye vs Frankenstein Novel Study Essay1304 Words   |  6 PagesIndependent Novel Study In today’s world, innocence cannot be preserved forever. As humans age, they lose their innocence due to the corruption that exists in society. This is demonstrated in the two novels, Catcher in the Rye and Frankenstein. The two authors, J.D. Salinger and Mary Shelley prove this statement through their use of various literary devices. Key characters in both novels- Holden and the creature- learn through personal experiences that innocence cannot, in fact, be preserved foreverRead MoreDiscussion Questions To Consider From The Catcher In The Rye1494 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Discussion Questions to Consider from The Catcher in the Rye 1. The Catcher in the Rye centers on a young man – can women relate to this novel, too? What about Holden is gender-specific, and what is common to all teenagers? Women can relate Common to all teenagers Rebellious nature Negative thoughts Feeling inferiority Illusion of Future Curiosity Not belonging Gender-specific Not as impulsiveness as girls 2. Let’s talk about the ending to the Catcher in the Rye. Is it optimistic? Negative? Gloomy?Read MoreThe Catcher in the Rye900 Words   |  4 Pagesnovel The Catcher in the Rye by J.D Salinger, the characters help portray many themes. J.D Saligner creatively infused his work with varying themes. Holden unknowingly magnifies the importance of the themes, of which he is often times oblivious. This novel is sophisticatedly written in a manner that allows us to see all the themes clearly. The themes portrayed in the novel The Catcher in the Rye by J.D Salinger include phoniness, psychological alienation, and futile protection of innocence. TheRead MoreThe Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger862 Words   |  3 PagesThe Catcher in the Rye a novel written by J.D. Salinger, the book starts off with Holden Caulfield, main protagonist, talks about his experience alone the weekend before he went home after getting kicked out of Pencey Prep.Holden seems to be embracing the growing up mentality yet he is frighten of adulthood he is trying to keep his innocence. Holden’s attitude toward life in general is perplexed. He pretends to be an adult by drinking heavily, yet he complains like a child. Holdens thoughts arentRead MoreCatcher In The Rye Analysis1434 Words   |  6 PagesAmerican literature is full of classic novels containing heroic protagonists; Holden Caulfield of The Catcher in the Rye is not one of these classic heroes. The article Some Crazy Cliff by Arthur Heiserman and James E. Miller Jr. provides one interpretation of the novel suggesting that the protagonist is unique compared to others commonly found in American literature; most heroes are seeking acceptance while Holden is seeking something within the society he is trying to leave. The novel follows Holden

Amazon E-Commerce in Australia-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Questions: 1.Write a Report on the views for and against allowing Amazon to operate as a physical presence in the Australian retail sector. 2.select up to three different theories to use, or just one, explain the calls for greater Government Intervention into Amazon's activities in Australia? 3.Reflect on your own personal attitude towards the arrival of Amazon in Australia. Answers: Introduction Amazon offers an international market place for retailers. The online platform is a US based website where sellers can ship their products. Amazon will pose a significant impact on the Australian retail market which from public opinion might be of benefit or disadvantage (Butterly, 2017). The plan of Amazons entry into the Australian retail sector has assured provision of commodities that are of lower cost, wide range and also faster delivery. There is an evident impact of Amazon in the US retail sector since they give market share priority over profit. Amazon allows for accounting of every dollar in two dollars that are spent through the e-commerce platform. Through the courtesy of Amazon prime, people can enjoy fast and free delivery of products by paying an approximated amount of $100 every year. Another service provided by Amazon is Amazon Now. Through this service, groceries and other similar products can be delivered in a very short time, not more than one hour after the order is placed. Amazon is not very popular in Australia as it is in the US and UK. It is attributed to the fact that the Australian customers are more interested in products like electronics and not house ware and beauty products (Brook, 2017). The restriction put by Australia in importing electronic goods has discouraged Amazon from entering the retail market. In a bid to transform Australia, Amazon has serious plans because they have established 250 trademarks in preparation for their launch. 1.Views for Amazon physical presence in the Australian Retail Market Consumers all over the World opt for Amazon over other online shopping websites since the customer experience is personalized, there is a wide range of products, and the website is easy to access. These special features have contributed to the increase in the number of customers who are interested in the launch of Amazon in Australia (OFarrelly et al., 2014). A survey conducted on the Australian population who are above 18 years of age showed that 75 % of the people would like the Amazon to be launched in Australia. Those people who were likely to buy products via Amazon website were approximately 56 %. The survey also indicated that 45% of the people would have a subscription to Amazon Prime. It is because Amazon prime has special features such as the discount, fast delivery of products and other special deals. The launch of Amazon in Australian market will lead to a market shift (Boucher, 2015). This shift will provide the retailers with the opportunity to improve their skills need ed for success in the global market. The improvement in the skill of retail professionals will involve customer relation, precisely analysis of consumer habits of potential and habitual consumers. Adoption of Amazon by Australian market will help in dealing with competition brought by changing trends and environment (OFarrelly et al., 2014). In a nutshell, results from the survey split Amazon into three main areas of focus. These focus areas were price, a range of products and delivery service in order of priority. About 68% of people opted for Amazon due to lower prices of products. The presence of a wide range of product selection formed the second major reason why most Australians would encourage the launching of Amazon into their retail sector. Amazons fast delivery of products formed the third major reason. The views against Amazons physical presence in the Australian Retail Sector The entry of Amazon into the Australian market would imply not only benefit but also some negative effects especially on the local retailers such as Harvey Norman. A prediction made by retail experts show that the expansion of Amazon into Australia will contribute to shopping centers and stores being closed. The physical presence of Amazon in Australia will capture the attention of many locals, and they will abandon the local goods since similar products can be offered by Amazon but at lower prices and faster delivery. Australian grocery sector will be controlled by Amazon through Amazon prime services (Dootson Suzor, 2015). In the process, products produced by Apple Company will not be restocked, and this position will be occupied by Amazon Fire TV sticks and other products like Alexa speakers. Apart from killing the local industry, Amazons criterion of paying government tax is not clear. There is, therefore, a problem in payment of tax by Amazon. Some allegations have also pointed out that Amazon mistreats its workers by providing working conditions that are not favorable for example (Pentland, 2015). These intolerable conditions include; setting of targets that are tough, very short breaks for example lunch breaks, and workers being forced to sleep in cold tents to save on commuting expense. In some instances, workers have also been subjected to penalties because of taking sick leaves. Another harsh treatment is the lack of drinking water since a surveyor found out that in most working hours the water dispensers were empty. The impact of Amazons physical presence in the Australian market will be a win-lose situation. It will pose lots of benefit to the customers, but huge losses to the local retailers since the giant e-commerce will subject them to a very stiff competitio n considering their outstanding services. Government Intervention The government has put the physical restriction on import of electronic products as asserted by Feather (2015). However, Amazon seems to bit the local champions on this since, despite the restriction, customers still opt for their products. 2.Utilitarian Theory The ethical theories that would support Amazon and other businesses internationally are; Utilitarianism, deontological theory, and philosophical theory. A definition of utilitarianism would refer to the thing that is considered morally good if only it benefits the general public. This theory tries to show whether something is good or bad according to the views of people. Anything that is has no pain, but only pleasure is considered to be good in the utilitarianism theory. The utility is also related to good since it involves any action that would increase the benefit and reduce the consequences that are negative as eluded by (Crane, 2016). Amazon is the source of utility in this particular case. It provides products that are of lower price and also better delivery services than other sellers. Utilitarianism is in line with the principle of greatest happiness which attaches the source of total utility in the world to a good action. However, this theory states that happiness can vary to the degree that is people may experience higher pleasure and sometimes lower pleasures. Some examples of base pleasures include; the desire to sleep, eat or kill and are more experienced by animals. The higher pleasures which are more experienced by humans include; art, culture, and music (Wild, Wild, Han, 2014). In the Utilitarian theory people have some pleasures that are higher and others lower and these they are commonly aware of. The happiness of these members can only be achieved by the efforts they take to embrace and maintain higher pleasures. According to the type utility, the level of happiness will be different. For instance, an action that would promote art has higher utility. In the case of Amazon, the special features would represent the utility. Reduction of price, wide selection of commodities and faster delivery is the higher pleasures that will bring ultimate happiness to the general public. Deontological theory Another kind of normative theory is the deontology. This theory focuses on the choices which are prohibited, required or allowed (Cavusgil et al., 2014). It falls on the moral theories of the domain that gives the guideline and measures our choice on everything we plan to fulfill. However deontological theory also tries to figures out the kind of people we are and what is expected of us in our daily duties. Among all forms of deontology, the most common are consequentialism. In this theory, moral choices are not directly related to their consequences-that is some choices are not morally acceptable even if their effects are favorable. To that account, it is deduced that the measure of justifying a moral choice is its correspondence with norms which are to be universally obeyed. Australia has to make the best moral choice as to whether to adopt Amazon or not. This judgment should be made with all facts put into consideration. The launching of Amazon in the Australian retail sector may imply more harm or more benefit to the nation. However, this should not scare away those who might hold some interest in the e-commerce giant since the benefit on its launch may outdo the predicted negative impacts (Crane Matten, 2016). The deontological theory can further be divided into agent-centred and patient centered theory. In agent-centred theory, every person has a unique reason and obligations as to why they take a certain action. This reason is not shared rather it is specific depending on the individual. A perfect example of an agent centered theory is when a group of consumers is choosing the product to purchase. In the account of this theory, the decision is considered to be personal for personal reasons (Wild, 2014). On the other hand, the patient centered theor y is not obligation-based rather it is based on the rights. This theory aims to protect one from making decisions due to external influence meant to benefit others people who are exploitive. Teleology This theory links the outcomes to the moral judgments made. To this account, any moral action that is considered to be good must bear a positive effect for example (Dootson, 2015). Some of the questions that the teleological theory tries to answer are; who benefits from a certain moral action? Who judge the moral actions and how are they judged? What are the sorts of consequences? Are they good? The different Teleology can, therefore, be divided according to the consequences they bear. This theory considers a good action to be the one that leads to positive effects. 3.Due to the increase in the internet generation in the globe, preference for online shopping has grown (Crane Matten, 2016). Amazon entry in Australia is a good business approach. The idea has a good number of reasons, as below. Amazon does not only offer a site to purchase products but rather a place to get gifts too. The great site has made many individuals switch to the Amazon. The site is developed in a way providing an easy-use search for the clients. Through the online search, one can look at large some different types of the product and compare the prices, qualities, weaknesses, and strengths of the same platform. Amazon ability to offer door to door delivery and reduced days for the shipping of the ordered items makes it more preferable. Amazon has created some warehouses in different sizes and locations to ease the provision of the perishable products to customers within a shorter period possible. Amazon items are in more reduced or same prices compared to the counterparts in retail. Therefore the Australians will better have someone deliver the item to them. Entry of Amazon in Australia offers a platform for the Australians to sell their products to the global market. Many retailers opt for this avenue as it increases their returns and improves the countrys economy of scale. With this growth, the retailers tend to be innovative to maintain their relevancy in the market share. As a result, more improved services and customer satisfaction experience in both online and retail sector. The entry of Amazon tends to open up job opportunities. A good number of citizens will get employed in different categories, such as warehouse keeper, delivery personnel, managers and sales persons. With the there is the improvement in living standard and economy of scale of the country as a whole. Using Teleology theory links the outcomes to the moral judgments made. To this account, any moral action that is considered to be good must bear a positive effect for example. For instance, Amazon entry in Australia has the greater effect on the commercial property market. There will be a decline in the operation of the retail stores regarding the sales and revenue collected. Due to the inclusion of a common percentage rental lease on retail shops, the owners tend to be under pressures more than the online retailers. Some Australians say that they prefer personalization in retail hence their negative view on Amazon. The personalization increases the communication skills hence provide a better base for doing business. Other customers take high of fear of buying a counterfeit product from Amazon than in retail. Most of the Australians are against the Amazon because of the fierce competition it poses to the retailers. With this, a large number of people tend to lose their jobs. Putting Retail Company out of market renders people such as sales personnel, managers and many staffs to be jobless. The crowded online retailer confuses. The confusion experienced due to the E-Marketing technology. In conclusion, Amazon has got greater advantages than disadvantages. Therefore, it should be embraced and adopted. Conclusion After a series of numerous speculations, there has been a confirmation of Amazons plan to launch their retail services within the Australian market. It is because they trust in their ability to fulfill customer satisfaction by making available what is highly valued by the consumers. However, the local retailers are suffering most from competition, and they have claimed previous losses due to competition from this global e-commerce giant. Some companies like JB HI-FI and Harvey Norman have already lost their market even to the locals. This competition will challenge the local companies to improve the quality of their services. It will change the situation into win-win situations since, by improving services, they will recover their market not only locally but internationally. References Boucher, D. H. (2015). The REDD/carbon market offsets debate: big argument, small potatoes.Journal of Sustainable Forestry,34(6-7), 547-558. Brook, B. (2017). Shopping centres are in fear of Amazons arrival, news.com.au Butterly, N. (2017). Nick Xenophon proposes changes to competition laws to keep Amazon from wiping out local retailers | The West Australian. Cavusgil, S. T., Knight, G., Riesenberger, J. R., Rammal, H. G., Rose, E. L. (2014).International business. Pearson Australia Crane, A., Matten, D. (2016).Business ethics: Managing corporate citizenship and sustainability in the age of globalization. Oxford University Press. Dootson, P., Suzor, N. (2015). The game of clones and the Australia tax: divergent views about copyright business models and the willingness of Australian consumers to infringe.UNSWLJ,38, 206. Feather, C. (2015). Isolated tribes: Contact misguided.Science,349(6250), 798-798. OFarrelly, K., Braud, M., Gairey, A., Sharpe, R., Carr, J., Keen, A. (2014). Access and Preservation in the cloud: Lessons from operating Preservica Cloud Edition. InDLM Forum-7th Triennial Conference(Vol. 44, p. 115). Pentland, G. (2015). The Indignant Nation: Australian Responses to the Attempted Assassination of the Duke of Edinburgh in 1868.The English Historical Review,130(542), 57-88. Poort, J., van Eijk, N. (2017). Digital fixation: the law and economics of a fixed e-book price.International Journal of Cultural Policy,23(4), 464-481. Taplin, J. (2017).Move Fast and Break Things: How Facebook, Google, and Amazon Cornered Culture and Undermined Democracy. Macmillan. Wild, J. J., Wild, K. L., Han, J. C. (2014).International business. Pearson Education Limited

Performance Enhancing Drugs and Sports Essay Example

Performance Enhancing Drugs and Sports Essay Athletes taking PEDs is just like sitting in school taking a test and not be able to figure out and answer to a question and seeing classmates cheating,taking out their phone,looking at others paper, and having cheat sheets. Most people have had this happen in their lives just like athletes most athletes are hard workers but you come across a few so called athletes who use performance enhancing drugs to improve there game which are illegal. The use of performance enhancing drugs is an unlawful shortcut which helps body muscle grow faster without effort and it also helps with muscle endurance.The use of this substance is increasing instead of decreasing. The use of these drugs diminishes the chances of â€Å"clean† athletes making it to the major sports or teams, destroying all the hard work they have done their whole life. Their needs to be a drastic improvement with the testing of performance enhancing drugs. Frequent year round drug tests and severe punishments in various le vels would be favorable for athletes and fans because it keeps the game clean, gives youth a positive influence, and it sets a good image for the sport. First and foremost limited and ineffective drug tests, have let well known and distinguished athletes get away with deceiving the fans and the sport. The first person that people think when they say cycling is lance Armstrong. He has been the face of cycling since decades winning the biggest races like the Tour De France six times. But during June 2012 â€Å"The International Cycling Union (UCI) banished Armstrong from ever competing again and formally stripped him of his Tour de France titles, along with every cycling achievement since 2008, endorsing the punishment laid out earlier this week by the U.S. Anti-Doping Agency†(Clarke). The punishment of Armstrong was the correct measurement taken by the UCi. Armstrong cheated throughout his career since he started cycling professional. Lot of reports came out saying A We will write a custom essay sample on Performance Enhancing Drugs and Sports specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Performance Enhancing Drugs and Sports specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Performance Enhancing Drugs and Sports specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer